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Image Search Results
Journal: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
Article Title: Inflammatory Cytokines Promote Mesenchymal Transformation in Embryonic and Adult Valve Endothelial Cells
doi: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300504
Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. Exposure to inflammatory cytokines induces mesenchymal transformation in adult endothelial cells. A, Porcine aortic valve endo thelial cell (PAVEC) mesenchymal transformation and invasion of the collagen matrix after 48-hour exposure to 100 ng/mL interleukin-6 (IL-6), 100 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), or genetic overexpression of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). B, PAVEC endothelial-to-mes enchymal transformation (EndMT)–related gene expression after 48-hour exposure to 100 ng/mL IL-6 or TNF-α, or genetic overexpression of NFκB. C, PAVEC NFκB nuclear localization quantification. D, Confocal images of control, +100 ng/mL IL-6, and +100 ng/mL TNF-α PAVEC at a 48-hour time point stained for CD31 (red), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; green), and DNA (blue). E, Confocal images of con trol, +100 ng/mL IL-6, and +100 ng/mL TNF-α PAVEC at a 48-hour time point stained for vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin (red), α-SMA (green), and DNA (blue). F, Confocal images of control, +100 ng/mL IL-6, and +100 ng/mL TNF-α PAVEC at a 48-hour time point stained for NFκB (green) and DNA (blue). G, Western blots for PAVEC and porcine aortic valve endothelial cells exposed to 100 ng/mL TNF-α or transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) for 48 hours. H, Diseased human aortic valve endothelial cells coexpressing α-SMA and CD31 (on the fibrosa or outflow side and invaded, calcified nodule shown in inset). I, Expanded frame of H. J, Nuclear translocation of NFκB in dis eased human valve endothelial cells. Error bars show ±SEM, n≥3 culture wells. Bars that do not share any letters are significantly different according to a 1-way ANOVA with Tukey posttest (P≤0.05). For EndMT gene expression (B), differences that are significantly different than the control according to an unpaired Student t test are indicated with an *. Differences were considered significant at P≤0.05. Scale bars, 25 μm (D and E) or 10 μm (F). PECAM indicates platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; PAEC, porcine aortic endothelial cells; VE- cadherin, vascular endothelial-cadherin; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1.
Article Snippet: For NFκB transfection, PAVEC were trypsinized and electroporated with plasmid encoding the RelA subunit of
Techniques: Transformation Assay, Over Expression, Gene Expression, Control, Staining, Western Blot, Translocation Assay